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A new patient-acuity tool promotes equitable nurse-patient assignments

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By: Michelle Kidd, MS, RN, ACNS-BC, CCRN; Kimberly Grove, BSN, RN, PCU; Melissa Kaiser, BSN, RN, PCU; Brandi Swoboda, RN, PCU; and Ann Taylor, BS, RN, PCU

Have you ever struggled to classify a patient’s acuity level? If so, you’re not alone. Have you ever looked at your patient assignments and wondered, “Why are the assignments so unfair? How will I care for all my patients effectively?” Again, you’re not alone.

Most nurses expect patient assignments to be equitable, with each nurse bearing a fair share of the workload so all patients can receive excellent care.

Nurses’ job satisfaction depends partly on their workload and their perceived ability to deliver high quality care. Nurse-sensitive indicators (including pressure ulcers, falls, medication errors, nosocomial infections, pain management, and patient satisfaction) depend largely on nursing care and are affected by nurses’ ability to recognize and intervene when a patient’s condition
changes. Nursing workloads directly influence a nurse’s ability to assess thoroughly and promote excellent patient outcomes. When patient assignments aren’t equitable, nurses
may feel inadequate and frustrated.

Problems also can arise when all nurses are assigned the same number of patients without regard for acuity levels. Yet determining patients’ acuity to promote more equitable assignments can be challenging. Some hospitals or nursing units use an established acuity tool. Others rely on charge nurses’ judgments of patient acuity.

Our nurses were getting restless

At Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital in Muncie, we moved our progressive care unit (PCU) to a newly constructed area of our regional medical center. A short time later, we noticed increases in patient volumes, comorbidities, device support, and overall acuity. The patients’ nursing-care requirements varied widely, so assigning the same number of patients
to all nurses would mean unequal assignments.

Although were using an acuity assessment tool, our increasingly dissatisfied nurses deemed it ineffective. It called for nurses to rank each patient as a 1, 2, or 3 based on their individual perception of the patient’s status or difficulty of care required. But the tool wasn’t providing useful information because nurses’ perceptions varied; also the cultural norm tends to make nurses rate most patients a 2. In addition, when more staff nurses were needed, we lacked an
objective measure to make a case for obtaining additional staff. When our hospital tested a new nurse-satisfaction survey, nurses’ discontent with their workload became apparent.

Then a PCU direct-care nurse approached the unit-based council (UBC) and asked for an evaluation of our acuity tool. The nurse manager and UBC agreed that equitable patient assignments and adequate unit staffing could be addressed by improving the tool. Following the Iowa model of evidence-based practice (EBP), the UBC formed a team of staff nurses, charge nurses, unit manager, clinical nurse specialist, and nurse researcher to explore the inquiry.

What the evidence told us

The team’s literature review found a limited amount of research pertaining to acuity tools for PCUs, even though hospital expenses decrease and high-quality nursing care increases when leaders are empowered with better, more detailed knowledge of patient acuity and nursing workloads. A recurrent theme in the literature: nurses’ voices add value to processes and nurses should be involved in assessing their own workloads and making decisions about resources. Evidence also suggested that involving staff in developing an acuity assessment
tool would yield a valued, more efficient instrument that could improve nurse satisfaction and job retention.

Formulating a plan

During our literature review, we found a tool to adapt for our adult PCU. On a flip chart in the nurses’ lounge, we displayed our existing tool alongside the new tool we’d revised from the literature search. Staff viewed both tools and provided input into what made a patient’s care
difficult, time-consuming, or complex. This gave us a better picture of PCU patients and helped us ensure all tasks were represented, from the least to the most time-consuming. Brainstorming meetings clarified key elements of acuity that guided continued evolution of the new tool.

Tool-development strategies

In our new tool, criteria categories included complicated procedures, education, psychosocial/therapeutic interventions, number of oral medications, and complicated I.V. drugs
and other medications. Rating options on the tool run from 1 through 4, with 1 indicating low acuity and 4 indicating high acuity. Ratings are based on nursing time needed to complete a task, emotional and physical energy expenditure required, expertise required, frequency of tasks and interventions, and follow-up assessments related to a specific task. Ratings
for all five criteria categories are summed up to obtain a total acuity score for each patient, ranging from 1 to 60. Then the total scores are clustered into acuity category scores, which range from 1 to 4, with 1 being the lowest acuity and 4 being the highest. (See Acuity criteria categories.)

Now we were ready to test the new tool. Initially, charge nurses from each shift tested it with the same patients on different shifts. When we found that scores between shifts weren’t congruent, we tested the tool again, with charge nurses on the same shift assessing the same patients separately. This trial yielded an inter-rater reliability of 85%—an acceptable congruency level across nurse raters.

This trial provided insight into acuity differences between shifts and helped determine how to use the tool. With our previous acuity tool, tasks and procedures of the rater’s shift determined acuity, with no consideration of upcoming tasks or procedures for the next shift. So for the new tool, the team and staff agreed nurses would proactively score acuity for the oncoming shift
by calculating current and projected needs and medications.

Measuring outcomes

We identified three outcome measures as indicators of the effectiveness of the new acuity approach.

  • First, the team developed an eight-item survey to measure nurse satisfaction with the new acuity assessment process, which nurses completed 1 month before the new process began and then 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months later.
  • Next, the team identified items on the standardized annual employee engagement and satisfaction survey, specifically targeting workload and perception of quality of care delivered.
  • Finally, we tracked nurse sensitive indicators affected by workload, including falls and hospital-acquired pressure ulcers.

Translating scores into patient assignments

To translate acuity scores into equitable patient assignments, charge nurses collected the acuity tools that direct-care nurses completed for each patient, and calculated total acuity scores and acuity category scores near the end of their shift. Then the charge nurses designed nurse-patient assignments by considering both the category score from 1 to 4 and the total acuity score of 0 to 60 for each patient, aiming to keep category scores balanced across nurses. Charge nurses also considered the geographic location of rooms on the unit, need for continuity of care, and congruency between nurses’ expertise and patient needs. (See Current acuity tool on last page.)

Unit-wide rollout

Before we rolled out the new tool, direct-care nurses on our team provided education to all PCU nurses. Teaching strategies included showing video clips of patient scenarios, presenting case studies so nurses could practice using the tool, and playing a game-show exercise to stimulate discussion of the benefits of acuity scoring. Nurses voiced favorable responses to the new tool, specifically the benefits of empowerment, assurance of quality care, patient safety and satisfaction, nurse retention, and equitable assignments. The team encouraged staff to provide feedback on the new process and expect revisions to ensure its effectiveness and sustainability.

To hardwire the new acuity assessment process, team members rounded on nurses each shift for 1 week and then three times monthly. The team answered questions, audited acuity scores, and coached nurses to achieve a highly standardized approach to scoring. During orientation, preceptors trained newly hired nurses to use the acuity assessment tool.

Charge nurses kept a log of assignments, acuity scores, and overall unit activities, overtime, and informal comments on workload. In huddles held daily for the first week, charge nurses and the nurse manager reviewed acuity scores and the process. A numerical benchmark emerged as an indicator for requesting more staffing, based on total acuity scores and acuity category scores of all patients on the unit.

Evaluation and sustainability

At the end of the first month, scores on surveys of nurse satisfaction with the new acuity assessment process showed marked improvement in nurses’ reports of the equity of patient
assignments (7% satisfaction before rollout, 55% satisfaction after) and the consistency with which the acuity assessment process occurred (21% consistency before rollout, 89% consistency after). Almost 80% of nurses reported that completing the new acuity tool wasn’t a waste of time. The team implemented suggestions for refining the process and set a target goal of 85% nurse satisfaction by the 6-month evaluation.

The sustainability plan for year 1 calls for quarterly reevaluation of the acuity assessment process and semiannual reevaluation thereafter, including scoring processes, staffing level benchmarks, nurse satisfaction per survey, and nurse-sensitive outcomes. It also calls for nurses to review reports of outcome data regularly during staff meetings. When revisions are indicated, the team will provide additional education.

As the process of creating ideal nurse-patient assignments evolves, the team will explore the benefits of the synergy model, which matches nurses’ strengths and competencies with patient and family characteristics. The team may conduct qualitative research studies to better understand the complex judgments charge nurses make when creating nurse patient assignments, with the goal of standardizing the process for sustainability and optimal outcomes.

In evaluating the overall projects experience, team members listed lessons learned and captured key ideas to use in future projects. (See Acuity tool: Lessons learned by clicking the PDF icon above). The team validated usefulness of the Iowa model in developing the tool and process, and recommended adopting a model for translating evidence into practice. Nurses on the team reflected that a highly satisfying aspect of the project was identifying a clinical issue and playing an active role in addressing it as valued partners in the change process.

Selected references

Choi J, Choi JE, Fucile JM. Power up your staffing model with patient acuity. Nurs Manage. 2011;42(9):40-3.

Duffield C, Diers D, O’Brien-Pallas L, et al. Nursing staffing, nursing workload, the work environment and patient outcomes. Appl Nurs Res. 2011;24(4):244-55.

Fram N, Morgan B. Ontario: linking nursing outcomes, workload and staffing decisions in the workplace: the Dashboard Project. Nurs Leadersh (Tor Ont). 2012;25(Spec No 2012): 114-25.

Hardin SR, Kaplow R, eds. Synergy for Clinical Excellence: The AACN Synergy Model for Patient Care. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 2005.

Harper K, McCully C. Acuity systems dialogue and patient classification system essentials. Nurs Adm Q. 2007;31(4):284-99.

Titler MG, Kleiber C, Steelman VJ, et al. The IOWA model of evidence-based practice to promote quality care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2001;13(4):497-509.

The authors work at Indiana University Health Ball Memorial Hospital in Muncie. Michelle Kidd is a critical care clinical nurse specialist. Kimberly Grove, Melissa Kaiser, and Brandi Swoboda are direct- care nurses in the progressive care unit (PCU). Ann Taylor is nurse manager in the PCU.

29 Comments.

  • Nichole Lamberty
    June 3, 2023 8:24 pm

    Hello, I would like to request permission to utilize the patient acuity tool in my DNP project.

    Thank you

  • Kaitlynn , RN
    April 29, 2023 4:05 pm

    Hello,
    I would like to request permission to use this tool as a reference in my BSN assignment.

    • cherylmeern@gmail.com
      May 18, 2023 4:25 pm

      Hello Kaitlynn,
      The authors of the article are happy to grant others permission to use the tool. Please be sure to credit the source.
      Best,
      Cheryl Mee MSN, MBA, RN, FAAN, Executive Editorial Director, American Nurse Journal

  • Would like permission to use this tool for our Acute Care Floor in northern MN. Having a lot of the same issues discuss prior to your implementing…. Assignment and staffing inconsistencies, teams of 5 plus, multiple unsafe staffing scenarios. Think this would be a huge help! Thank you!

  • Marivic Joan R. henderson
    April 23, 2021 5:29 am

    Hi,
    Our unit (surgical unit) are currently doing brain storming and gathering ideas on how to improve our nurse:patient assignment. We are trying to develop a patient acuity tool which would suit our patient care environment. Hoping we could reference and use your tools with your permission.

    Very much appreciated.

  • Hi, I would love to use this as a reference to adapt an appropriate acuity tool for the medical surgical unit at our hospital. I am hoping to be granted permission to use , with appropriate citations.

    • Dear Micaela,

      The authors of the article are happy to grant others permission to use the tool. Please be sure to credit the source.

      Cynthia Saver, MS, RN

  • Ruhaina Ladja
    November 8, 2020 2:27 am

    Firstly, we would like to congratulate the authors of the New Tool and we wish to be granted to use the tool with citation of the authors. What about Chemotherapy, is it under the complicated IV drugs but it is not specified? Hope to be clarified about it. Thank you.

    • Michelle J Kidd, MS, APRN, ACNS-BC, CCRN-K
      November 9, 2020 8:40 am

      Ruhaina Ladja,

      Thank you for your interest in the acuity tool. I would venture to say chemotherapy would be included in complicated IV drugs, but in the units for which we first developed this tool the nurses did not administer chemotherapy.

      Thanks again,
      Michelle J Kidd, MS, APRN, ACNS-BC, CCRN-K

  • Hi there, I am seeking permission to utilize this patient acuity tool for our evidence-based project on our IMU/ICU unit. Thank you so much.

    • The authors of the article are happy to grant others permission to use the tool. Please be sure to credit the source.
      Cynthia Saver, MS, RN, Editorial director for American Nurse Journal

  • Does anyone have the contact information for the authors of this tool? I would like to use this tool for my DNP project and need permission to use.

  • I would like to request fro your permission to utilize this tool for a pilot project initiative in my department.

  • Cynthia Saver
    August 7, 2020 7:02 am

    The authors of the article are happy to grant others permission to use the tool. Please be sure to credit the source.
    Cynthia Saver, MS, RN, Editorial director for American Nurse Journal.

  • I am requesting permission to use this tool
    Thank you

  • Tiffany Brisken
    June 21, 2020 6:04 pm

    I am requesting permission to use this tool on my Med/Surg floor

    Thank you,
    Tiffany Brisken, BSN, RN, PHN

  • Wendee L Wilkin
    January 9, 2020 6:25 am

    I would love to use your tool on my floor which is cardiac. I am researching and hoping this will work for us.

    • Cynthia Saver, MS, RN
      January 9, 2020 8:50 am

      Wendee, the author of the article is happy to grant permission for you to use the tool.

      Cynthia Saver, MS, RN, Editorial director for American Nurse Journal.

  • Looking to obtain permission to use tool for QI project. Please let me know who to contact.

    • Hello,

      We did contact the authors, and they gave permission for the use of the tool. Thank you for your inquiry!

      -Lydia Kim, Digital Content Editor at American Nurse Today

  • Hello
    Can you help me get an acuity tool that helps nurses?

  • KATHERINE ORTALEZA CARANDANG
    September 9, 2019 10:33 pm

    Hello Ms. Kidd,

    Can I get permission to use your acuity tool for my research? Hoping for your favorable response.

    Kathy Carandang

  • Jacob Hunter
    May 26, 2018 6:20 pm

    I agree! I would love to see a follow up!

    Any chance to see this “patient-acuity” tool? I am working on developing one for my unit.

  • Awesome, this is a HUGE help.

  • Would love to see the follow up on this article! The results only discuss nurse satisfaction after 1 month. What happened to the results from the other nurse-sensitive indicators discussed?

  • CORNELIA GILPIN
    September 25, 2017 10:08 pm

    I would like to use your tool for my DNP project, how would I go about contacting the right person(s) to get permission? I would appreciate your feedback.

Comments are closed.

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